cellular expression code: cec

 The concentration of RNA and proteins within a cell determines its conformation.

The levels of RNA/protein are like the crests and troughs of a wave, fluctuating high and low concentrations encoding an expression code of RNA/protein. 

There is an optimal expression code within a regularly dividing cell.

In a cancer cell,  this expression code is altered due to deregulatory epigenetic mechanisms, leading to aberrant expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressors, projecting as a tumor-initiating cell.

Manifestation of Unity

 The manifestation of Unity (Wave function/Universal Energy Field) as multiplicity (Particles) in the double-slit experiment.

Fractals may be the mechanism via which Brahman/Universal energy field experiences the universe as Multiplicity via various minds (mind here is biological consciousness/thought emerging from the brain and is speculated to have a fractal structure or fractal function).

 Fractals are separated in time and space by Markov Blankets, which are most probably higher-order fractals. This occurs for energy-efficient propagation of information so that darker areas of destructive interference of waves are separated from lighter areas of constructive interference of waves resulting in particles as observed in the quantum double-slit experiment.

Cancer_Hypothesis

 Hypothesis of Cancer:

1.Probably the epigenome of a cell is modified by an oncogenic mutation. Phenotypic plasticity/tumor heterogeneity occurs in this process.

2. This modified epigenome overrides the inhibitory signaling of tumor microenvironment. Chaos ensues.

3. The above (2) breaks cell cell interactions leading to tumor cells release from primary site and spread i.e. invasion.

4. Altered epigenome leads to epithelial mesenchymal transition.

5. Tumor cells at secondary site  undergo mesenchymal epithelial transition due to restored epigenome in a new microenvironment.

6. As critical threshlod of oncogenic protein/signaling activity is breached (1) happens again.

7. A vicious cycle of tumor growth and spread ensues.

8. Altered expression/phenotype of tumor cells  containing oncogenic mutation occurs via phase transition.

9. The unpredictable component is how the epigenome is altered from a normal one to a cancerous one via the  oncogenic mutation.

The analogy with an Enzymatic Reaction:

Initiator-Oncogenic mutation, Epigenome alteration/Ist hit

Catalyst-Altered Tumor Microenvironment /2nd hit

Reactants-Normal cell

Product/s-Tumor cell

Targeting the Epigenetic Profile of tumor-initiating stem cells

 IDEA for a Cancer  Vaccine:

Can Tissue-Specific, Conserved Epigenetic Signatures, of Tumor Initiating/metastasizing Stem Cells serve as targets for developing an Anti-Cancer Vaccine? 

Experience and Self

During an experience of the world, a mental model of the "world" is constructed.

This mental model is occurring "within" the ambit of, Self-Awareness. 

Self-Awareness is the enabler or illumines this experience. 

The experience of the world is the constructed mental model, upon the substratum of, Self-Awareness.

 

Environment and its influence

 Recently there was an article published titled "Live tumor imaging shows macrophage induction and TMEM-mediated enrichment of cancer stem cells during metastatic dissemination"

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-27308-2

This article provided evidence for the enrichment of cancer stem cells, near macrophages. 

This finding reminds me of the influence of the "environment" on the "system". 

For example,   an individual, let's say person A has some latent characteristics or personality traits that were never given the opportunity to manifest themselves. However, under changing environmental influences, that particular trait was manifested or enriched for.

Let us take the example of extroversion. Maybe person A is not socially outgoing, avoids crowded events, tends to interact less with other people socially. Person A develops the reputation of an "introvert". But due to technological advancements, person A got the opportunity to express themselves via websites, social media, and so forth. This in turn increased the chances that person A interacts with more like-minded persons who share similar interests. This in turn resulted in person A beginning to express themselves more freely, followed by interaction with others. So the latent characteristic of "extroversion" got manifested in an otherwise introverted person.

Questions: Are cells like humans (or it is the other way around), manifesting latent characteristics in context? 

Same to Different

 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the hereditary material is a relatively featureless polymer, of the repeating subunit of a nucleotide (base+sugar+phospategroup). Every DNA molecule of a particular type (A-DNA, B-DNA) looks alike in 3-dimensions. DNA of different sequences looks the same in 3-dimensional space or different DNA sequences have the same 3-dimensional structure(shape).

See Link Below:

https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/discovery-of-dna-structure-and-function-watson-397/ 

DNA gets transcribed to the message, ribonucleic acid (RNA), which gets translated to the polypeptide (protein), composed of amino acid subunits.

The polypeptide "folds" in 3-dimensional space over time, to give rise to the final structure of the polypeptide.  Proteins may consist of a single polypeptide or multiple polypeptides interacting with each other. Polypeptides of differing sequences look different in 3-dimensional space, i.e. polypeptides of different sequences have different 3-dimensional structures (shapes and size).

See Link Below:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269806015_Toxicological_evaluation_of_proteins_introduced_into_food_crops 

Each protein has a different function, depending on its structure. 

The final folded structure of the protein depends on the amino acid sequence, with each type of amino acid possessing a "sidechain", different from the other. It is these side chains that contribute to the feature of the protein molecule. 

 The structure (size and shape) of an ant is different from that of an elephant, and both differ from humans. Humans recognize other humans, presumably via identifying common physical (face and body) features. To a human, an ant is a relatively small living organism, with no common physical (face and body) features. 

At the outset, all icosahedral viruses look similar in shape, due to the icosahedron coat, but differ in size. Bacteria are grouped as rod-shaped, spherical-shaped, spiral-shaped. There are varying species of ants with differences, but they are all grouped under the category of ants sharing similar body sizes and shapes. On the other hand, elephants share similar body shapes and sizes with each other, which differ from ants. 

These differences in size and shape between different species could be one of the factors responsible for species specificity and relatively rare inter-species mating.

Maybe the transition of looking the same to looking different is a "feature" of evolution, that is working at different scales.